Abstract: After the two controversial terms served by President Bush and amidst the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, Americans looked to President Obama to revitalize America’s image abroad and rebuild American soft power. Meanwhile, China’s international image reached a historic peak, propelled by its efficacious stimulus package and its role in stabilizing global economic system, This paper examines the news coverage of President Obama’s inaugural address from three Chinese sources: the People’s Daily (English, online edition), the People’s Daily (Chinese, print edition), and the Southern Weekend (Chinese, online edition). A comparison of the different frames used when covering of the speech reveals that the CCP did not share the new president’s hopes. The English language People’s Daily focused heavily on the ailing American economy while the Chinese language People’s Daily reported the event more objectively by incorporating a wide range of perspectives. The Southern Weekend was less political by comparison and places a heavier emphasis on Obama’s race. In all three outlets, the state censors omitted Obama’s effort at public diplomacy from the Chinese language transcript of the inaugural address. The CCP’s decision to muzzle the president of an ailing America reveals its deep-seated insecurity over legitimacy, and belies the appearance of growing Chinese confidence. Behind the curtain of economic exuberance, China’s leaders feared more for their decline than hoped for America’s.

Introduction

Election of Barack Obama was a landmark event in American history, many Americans hoped that the popular new president would be revive the image of the US abroad and correct the perceived blunders of the Bush administration. This paper seeks to explore the reaction to Obama in the world’s most populous country; more specifically, to situate the official media coverage of the Obama presidency within the wider context of Sino-American relations. I will assess Chinese attitudes and portrayal of the United States and the Obama administration by examining two newspapers: the People’s Daily (both the Chinese and English editions) and the Southern Weekend (Chinese online edition). These two papers target different segments of the Chinese and international audience and reflect very different organizational priorities but both ultimately speak on behalf of the state and the Party. The opinions expressed in the People’s Daily reflect the official position of the top leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) while the Southern Weekend, operating far from Beijing, represents the liberal end of governmental opinion in China. Analyzed together, they allow for interesting comparison within the spectrum of Chinese official attitudes towards President Obama and towards the United States. Contrasting the English and Chinese editions of the same story also sheds some light on the subtle differences in tone between the Party’s message directed towards domestic versus international audiences.

This paper focuses on coverage of one particular moment in the Obama presidency – his Inaugural Address on January 20, 2009 —  and its implications for US-China relations. The way these two state-owned media outlets frame Obama’s Inauguration speech reveal their image of the US and convey a certain image of the US to their readership. Obama’s inauguration not only drew a record breaking crowd to Washington but attracted millions of viewers across the world, including China, where, due to the time difference, viewers had to stay-up into the wee hours of the morning to watch the live event. Aware of the international reach of his speech, President Obama devoted a significant portion of his speech to address an international audience. It is thus important to note that these are precisely the sections of his speech that were not translated into Chinese and were not analyzed by either of the two newspapers examined in this study. Obama’s effort at public diplomacy along with a mention of communism was systematically expunged from the Chinese news coverage of the event. The People’s Daily in particular went to great lengths to highlight the ailing economy of the US; its English edition glibly contrasts the message of hope delivered by the new president and the “reality” of a struggling Wall Street. The Southern Weekend, was less critical of the US economy and more fixated by Obama’s race.

I. Historical context of the Obama Inaugural

The 2008 campaign and election of Barack Obama represented a watershed in American politics, one which sent ripples around the world. A powerful orator who effectively used new media, Obama cast himself as an agent to deliver much needed change to dishonest Washington politics. His campaign speeches drew adoring crowds at home and abroad and his candidacy inspired young people in a way that recalled the Camelot of John F. Kennedy.  To many, his presidency also represents a turning point in American politics; as America’s first African American president, Obama promised “change you can believe in” and represented hope against all odds.

Obama’s presidential campaign coincided with the height of the Global Financial Crisis, considered by many economists to be the worst shock to international markets since the Great Depression. The crisis, which began in late 2007 with the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US real-estate market, led to the collapse of major financial institutions like Bear Sterns, Merrill Lynch, and Lehman Brothers in 2008, destroyed hundreds of billions of dollars worth of consumer wealth, and put millions out of work.[1] The crisis point came in September 2008, when the controversial $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act bought troubled assets–mainly mortgage-backed securities– from failing financial firms. Capitalizing on the popular disillusionment directed at Washington and Wall Street, the Obama campaign’s anti-incumbency message and promise of change proved very effective.

Dwarfed somewhat by the enormity of the Financial Crisis, foreign policy issues still loomed large in the 2008 campaign. The incumbent President Bush, who had reached an all time low in popularity at home and around the world, was blamed for waging the War on Terror and causing America’s disastrous invasion of Iraq. The unpopularity of Bush created challenges for the McCain campaign on foreign policy issues especially. However, as an early opponent of the War in Iraq, then Senator Obama made withdraw from Iraq and focus on Afghanistan central to his foreign policy. [2] His campaign also made rebuilding America’s image abroad, confronting nuclear proliferation, and diplomatic engagement with America’s adversaries important elements of his platform.[3]

Despite this popular platform, the success of Obama in the Democratic Party primaries came as a shock to many spectators at home and abroad when he defeated the favored Hilary Clinton. His campaign was able to mobilize previously marginal voters, raise funds at astonishing rates, utilize new information technology, to score a stunning victory against John McCain. It should be remembered above all that, President Barack Obama was elected amidst the direst economic crisis since the Great Depression, a crisis that shook the American establishment to its core and gave a Washington outsider with well run campaign a shot at the most powerful office in the world.

The Global Financial Crisis also created opportunity across the Pacific, where the CCP’s policies to restrict capital outflows shielded Chinese firms from the shock of the US sub-prime mortgage crisis. On November 10, 2008, China announced a historic $586 billion stimulus package aimed at encouraging growth and domestic consumption in ten areas of Chinese society ranging from infrastructure investment to environmental protection and disaster rebuilding. Thus as the governments of Europe and the United States struggled to keep pace with the crisis, the CCP’s stimulus plan was welcomed as a source of stability in the turbulent international economy.  While the Global Financial Crisis shook the confidence of Americans, it bolstered the confidence of Chinese. According to a 2008 Pew Survey, the Chinese were the most confident in their economy and the Americans the least. This in the aftermath of the successful 2008 Beijing Olympics looked to many to mark China’s emergence as a great power.[4]

Nevertheless, China shared great interest in the recovery of the US economy, which is the largest market for Chinese exports. Since China initiated economic reform in 1979, foreign direct investment (FDI) has played a major role in China’s rapid growth. The Chinese government estimates that the foreign trade sector employs more than 80 million people, of which 28 million work in foreign-invested enterprises.[5] Unemployment was a key issue of concern, “The Chinese government in January 2009 estimated that 20 million migrant workers alone had lost their jobs in 2008 because of the global economic slowdown.”[6]Thus, China which had been cautious with its hold vast foreign exchange reserves was compelled to boost its purchases of U.S. securities in order to help fund the hundreds of billions of dollars that are expected to be spent by the U.S. government to purchase troubled assets and stimulate the economy.

China’s decision to purchase American debt became controversial both in the US and within China. In May 2009, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao made an usually blunt comment about his concern for the safety of China’s one trillion dollar investment in American government debt.[7] Commentators have argued that “As the financial crisis has unfolded, China has become increasingly vocal about what it perceives as Washington’s mismanagement of the global economy and financial system, joining a chorus of foreign critics of unbridled American capitalism.”[8] The US owes China over $700 billion debt. Indeed, in the realm of US-China relations, Obama’s historic election is overshadowed by the shifting economic balance across the Pacific. The global financial crisis brought about a dramatic reversal in perceptions of geopolitical order, though as time passed the disparity of power between the US and China continues to remain great, the perception in 2008 and 2009 was very much that of a China with the upperhand, poised to overtake the US.

However, it should be noted that despite his unpopularity, President Bush did leave office with a sound China policy predicated on Robert Zoellick’s “responsible stakeholder” formulation. As Professor Thomas Christensen notes, “for addressing what is perhaps the greatest long-term strategic challenge facing the United States — managing U.S. relations with a rising China–change is not what is needed.[9] Bush’s second term reversed many of the policy blunders of his first term, and built a sound China policy which consisted of high-level exchanges, cooperation on a range of regional security issues, as well as engagement of economic issues.

It is within this context that the Obama’s election was viewed from the Chinese perspective. For the leaders of Zhongnanhai, China’s rapid response the Global Financial Crisis in contrast to the struggling American efforts represented milestone in the reemergence of Chinese power. The sharp criticism Chinese central bankers directed at US financial irresponsibility and the statement made by Premier Wen at the G20 all seem to affirm the growing confidence.[10] Yet the Chinese leadership was less confident on January 20^th than they appeared to be; the China-US relationship had improved markedly during Bush’s second term, they were uncertain whether or not America’s new president will take his message of change too far.  As the economy deteriorated in the US relative to China’s during the campaign season, the specter of protectionism reared its ugly head. At the same time, China increased its holding of US debt substantially in order to finance the US government bailout, further increasing the level of interdependence between the two nations. Thus, on the morning of Obama’s Inauguration, the question the future of the American economy no doubt loomed large in the minds of the CCP leadership.

II. Chinese Media Environment

To understand the newspaper coverage of the Obama inaugural requires an understanding of the Chinese media environment as well as the historical context.  Many of China’s major media outlets began their lives as part of the Soviet style propaganda wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). As Party mouthpieces, their duty was to propagate the Party line and give guidance to the people according to Party doctrine. The press’s role as an independent check on government power was explicitly rejected.[11] But since China adopted the “Open Door Policy” in the late 1970s, traditional Party-run newspapers, in particular, came under increasing pressure from the impact of China’s accession to the WTO and the information revolution, to move towards liberalization and commercialization. These traditional Party newspapers are still used by the political authorities to serve as a propaganda vehicle, but must now compete both with the new popular tabloids and with new media (Radio, TV, and increasingly the Internet) must attract their target audiences. After the 2003 “Marketing Economy” initiative, the Party set aside the “Five Big Publications” under its control—People’s Daily (人民日报）, Guangming Daily（光明日报）, Economic Daily（经济日报）, Liberation Daily（解放日报）, and the magazine Seeking the Truth（求是）— and announced that all other media would no longer received direct financial support from the government and, thus, must respond to market demand and seek out advertisers to support themselves financially.[12] The commercial liberalization of Chinese media have led to the proliferation of media groups; increasing competition, and driving diversification of content.

The People’s Daily Group

In China today, there are 39 press groups and more than 2,000 newspapers[13]. The giants within the Chinese media industry remain the state-run media outlets such as China Central Television, Xinhua News Agency, and the People’s Daily Group. Of the “Five Big Publications”, the People’s Daily is still the most widely distributed newspaper in China; ever since its founding in 1948, the People’s Daily has remained under control of the Party’s top leadership. Its editorials are regarded as official statements of government policy and it remains the public forum the Central Committee’s voice. Today, it is one of the five publications subsidized by the government and along with Xinhua News Agency and the State Administration for Radio, Film, and Television, one of the key media organs of the Party. [14] It reached its heyday of influence during the Cultural Revolution where it became Mao’s instrument of mass communication. However since “Opening and Reform”, it has been receiving fewer subsidies and must innovate to reform.  In 1997, the People’s Daily launched its website and has since maintained a popular BBS.

The Nanfang Media Group

While the People’s Daily represents one end on the spectrum of state-run newspapers, Southern Weekend published by the Nanfang Media Group represents the opposite.  Though the Nanfang Media Group is owned by the Guangzhou Provincial Communist Party, Southern Weekend and its sister publications (Nanfang Daily, Nanfang City News, etc) represent some of the most liberal voices in Chinese mass media. The media credibility and sense of social responsibility of Nanfang Media Group has earned it praises of the general audience. For six consecutive years, it had been elected as the nominees of the fifty “Most Respectable Enterprises in China” which was selected by the Management Case Center of Peking University. In 2001 and 2006, as the only print media who wins this reputation, Nanfang Media Group was in the gold list of “Most Respectable Enterprises in China”[15]. The content of Southern Weekend is still censored but its stories are on the whole much more colorful and less politically charged. Despite being a municipal newspaper, the Southern Weekend is one of the most widely circulated papers in China with a readership of nearly one million; it rivals the centrally owned People’s Daily in circulation. Being far from Beijing politics, it is operated with a greater degree of autonomy. It exists to generate profit and its worried more about consumer demand and less about party orthodoxy than the People’s Daily.

III. President Obama’s Inaugural Address

In this section, I focus primarily on the coverage of the inauguration of Obama in the English language (online) and Chinese language (print) versions of the People’s Daily and in the Chinese language (online) coverage by Southern Weekend. This comparison will identify how the CCP’s official account of the new President of the United States differs depending on the target audience. The analysis of Obama’s inaugural address provides a point of reference to examine the primary sources. What is emphasized and omitted from the inaugural address reveals more about the thinking of the Chinese Communist Party than about Obama or his speech.

Question of Censorship

President Obama’s inaugural address, delivered on January 20, 2009 to a live crowd of 400,000 on the mall, reached an audience of millions around the world, even in China. However, the live broadcast of this speech on CCTV was censored as was the transcript of his speech. When President Obama said: “Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions”, the CCTV broadcast promptly faded out before the translator could translate the statement, instead the announcer asking a question about the challenges Obama faces in the economy.[16]

The party decision in what to translate and what to omit is very telling of their attitudes towards the different audiences they must face. That entire passage was retained for an English-language version of the speech that appeared on the website of state-run Xinhua news agency. But in the Chinese-language version, the word “communism” was omitted from the translation.

Original Content

The full text of President Obama’s inaugural address, transcribed by the New York Times, can be found in Appendix A. His speech was humble in tone; acknowledge the weakness of the economy, but slowly builds to a rousing call for all Americans to face the challenges ahead with courage. It echoes the themes that were central to his campaign without downplaying the dire national situation. He calls for “A new era of responsibility”, confidently asserts, “challenges we face are real, challenges will be met”, and urges Americans to chose hope over fear.[17]

He is very much aware of his global audience and uses the opportunity to engage in direct diplomacy, stating “And so, to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and we are ready to lead once more.”[18] While asserting the return of US leadership in world affairs, he attempts to distinguish himself from his processor. He makes the case for soft power, stating that Americans could not “do as we please” but instead rely on “the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint”.[19]

Aside from the aforementioned comment about overcoming fascism and communism, Obama’s inaugural contains another phrase that was not translated into the Chinese newspapers. He states, “To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history, but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.” This statement can be read as a direct challenge against the Chinese Communist Party, which is ironically scrambling to censor this very statement in its live broadcast. It seems that the CCP felt that this statement could be read by a domestic audience as critical to its legitimacy, which points to a guilty conscience of the leadership and an acknowledgement of the corruption, deceit, and oppression that exists within the Party.

English Language Coverage on the People’s Daily Website

The English language report on the People’s Daily website was an article taken from Xinhua news agency commenting on Obama’s speech. The headline of the article read “Obama’s inauguration gives hope on economy, but enormous challenges ahead”. Its coverage emphasized America’s failing economy, declining fortunes of America, and ignored major themes of the speech such as the call for responsibility, responsible exercise of power, and the restoration of American confidence. Instead, the opening paragraph reads:

Hope is one thing, the reality is another. On Tuesday, about 2 million people gathered in Washington D.C. to celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama as new U.S, president, hoping he will save the economy, but the Wall Street plunged more than 4 percent in New York.[20]

Thus, the opening paragraph frames the entire speech in terms of false hope, casting serious doubts, from the onset, about the efficacy of the reforms that President Obama is setting forth. It also suggests that the exuberant crowds in Washington are simply misled, that the “reality” is the economic despair on Wall Street. It goes on to quote new president in a statement that apparently affirms this theme of American decline, “Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.” The article does not dwell on the rhetorical power of the speech nor does it include any mention of foreign policy. The sparse quotes that they draw from the speech… The conclusion drives home the message of false hope:

But the Wall Street cannot wait. The U.S. stock market plunged more than 4 percent on Inauguration Day Tuesday as bank woes spread while investors failed to find confidence from President Barack Obama’s inauguration speech. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was down more than 330 points, or 4 percent, falling below 8,000 for the first time in 2009, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 and the Nasdaq indexes dropped more than 5 percent.[21]

Similarly, an article covering the “highlights of U.S. President Barack Obama’s inaugural address” on the People’s Daily website emphasizes the economic aspects of the address and completely omits the “sensitive” references. It does a better job of objectively covering the key elements of Obama’s speech that are not considered “sensitive”: US foreign policies, leadership, restoration of American confidence, and the importance of American responsibility.[22] The People’s Daily, the Communist Party’s mouthpiece published a translated text of the speech on its website, omitting the word communism. The line about dissent was cut entirely. However the content seem to have been removed. The message to the international reader echoes propaganda of a bygone era, dwelling on the challenges facing the US economy and casting doubt on the hope promised by the new president. However, its choice to censor statements that only ambiguously refer to China reveals that insecurity lurks below the venire of confidence brought about by American economic weakness.

Chinese Language Coverage in the People’s Daily Newspaper

The Chinese language coverage in the People’s Daily newspaper took a more measured and conciliatory tone. It frames the event within the context of US-China relations, acknowledging the importance of this bilateral relationship. The article acknowledges the impact of the financial crisis but it also urges cooperation, a word that is not mentioned in the English language story. It takes a much weaker editorial stance and more faithfully presents Obama’s intended message. The article states that, “责任”和“团结”是奥巴马就职演说的主题词(“Responsibility” and “unity” are the key themes of Obama’s inaugural address) and quotes him at his most eloquent:

美国正面临战争和金融危机所引发的各种困难。“我们今天聚在这里正是因为我们选择了战胜恐惧的希望，选择了团结。(America faces various difficulties, from its wars to the financial crisis but “We have gathered here today because we have chosen hope over fear”)[23]

The article also quotes many international newspapers: the Washington Post, the New York Times, Argentina’s Chronicle, Mexico’s El Universal and referencing the Russian media, European media. Despite the historic significance of the event, this article remained in page 3 of the People’s Daily newspaper, a page which is usually devoted to international news. Characteristic of the People’s Daily banal news about where prominent CCP officials visited took precedence over this story, which was honored with a picture. The decision to not print the Xinhua News Agency’s story, which was very similar to its English language edition in tone and dwells on the struggling American economy, is also very telling. Indicating that the story printed reflect the importance of the story to the Party leadership.

Nevertheless, the People’s Daily article also concludes with a healthy dose of skepticism. It quotes a Chinese expert at the Carter Center:

美国民众希望奥巴马带领国家战胜当前面临的严重危机。奥巴马的就职演讲仍维持了其一贯激动人心的风格。美国人关注奥巴马强调的希望和梦想，更关注他就任总统后的政策实施。目前奥巴马的支持率达到了80%，但从明天起，奥巴马的“政治蜜月”可能将宣告结束，他要面对的是来自内政和外交方面的一系列严峻的挑战。(The American people hope that Barack Obama can lead the country and prevail over the serious crisis that it faces. Obama maintained his motivating style in his inaugural address. Americans pay attention to Obama’s emphasis on hopes and dreams, but they will be paying even greater attention to his ability to implement these policies. Obama’s approval rating may be at 80% today, but tomorrow, Obama’s “political honeymoon” may be an end, and he will have to face a series of difficult domestic and diplomatic challenges.[24]

The overall tone of the People’s Daily article is very professional, following the conventions of journalism, any editorializing voice is hard to detect. However, it is important to note that it does not give anymore coverage to Obama’s efforts at public diplomacy than the English language Xinhua story published by People’s Daily Online.

Southern Weekend Coverage

The coverage of Obama’s inauguration was much less political than the People’s Daily’s reporting of the same event, instead it dwelled much more on President Obama’s identity as a black man. Given time constraints, only the online version rather than the hardcopies of Southern Weekend could be located for this paper. However, the story probably took front page news in this publication. The online version features a colorful photo essay displaying 20 pictures of the inauguration parade, of Obama and his kids, of the Obama family and the Bush family.[25] The article ran by Southern Weekend was by far the shortest, it also appears as if much of the content was added later and chronicles the first days of President Obama’s stay in the White House. Additionally, both the English and Chinese versions of President Obama’s speech are easily available on the website, unlike the People’s Daily website. However, probably obeying a central edict, the entire section of Obama’s message to the outside world is omitted from the Chinese translation of the speech while it is included in full in the English version.

Another noteworthy feature of the Southern Weekend article was its emphasis on Obama’s race. It article title, 白宫主人不再“白” (Owner of the White House No Longer “White”), immediately frames the event somewhat humorously through a racial lens. It describes Obama as “美国第一个非洲裔总统” (America’s first African-American President), refers to the “黑人第一家庭” (the first Black First Family), and followed up with an extensive discussion of Obama inauguration as riding on the “Lincoln Wind.”[26] This emphasis is completely missing from the People’s Daily coverage which reported Obama’s race only in passing and never more than once in an article. The Southern Weekend also ran another story a day later called “黑人掌控美国？(Blacks Controlling America?) which chronicles African-American history and Black culture in the US. [27] The Southern Weekend’s interest in Obama’s race may stem from the fact that a large portion of its readership is in Guangzhou, a city with the largest concentration of Blacks in China. [28] The so-called “Chocolate City” in Guangzhou is home to a growing community of African traders and has been the focus of some degree of racial controversy.

Conclusion

After eight years of what many perceived as American waywardness under President Bush, Americans looked to President Obama to revitalize America’s image abroad and rebuild American soft power. However, the unraveling of the Global Financial Crisis brought America to her knees and came to define the early days of the Obama presidency. As much as the Global Financial Crisis tarnished America’s image and appeal abroad, it seemed to strengthen China’s and reinforced the extent of US-China interdependence. This paper examines how President Obama’s election was reported in China by two state-owned newspapers: the People’s Daily and the Southern Weekend.

Despite the growing assertiveness of Chinese leaders after they led their economy through the most severe economic crisis since the Great Depression, their choices in the coverage of Obama’s inauguration speech reveal deeper insecurities that lurk beneath the venire of confidence. Because of the massive stimulus package put into effect in 2008, China maintained its rapid growth even as the advanced economies of the US and EU struggled. China also became the largest holder of US treasuries, playing a significant role in financing the government bailout. Yet the CCP still scrambled to censor parts of Obama’s inaugural address, making sure that mentions of communism and a vague reference to corrupt and repressive governments was omitted from Chinese versions of the speech. The English language edition of the People’s Daily takes the additional step of highlighting America’s economic hopelessness. The Chinese edition and the Southern Weekend both frame Obama’s inauguration in more favorable terms but neither included his mention of “sensitive” topics. The decision to censor vague references in the Obama Inaugural address reveals the insecurities of the CCP leadership. At a time when America was at her weakest vis-à-vis China, when her democratic system seems too inefficient to deal with the enormity of the challenge, Chinese leaders did not find the courage to let the Chinese public decide the merit of Obama’s words. While Obama is calling for the people to choose hope over fear, the CCP fears its own people.

 

References

“奥巴马宣誓就任美国总统”. 人民日报2009.01.21第3版。 《http://data.people.com.cn》

“美国当选总统奥巴马宣誓就职.” 南方周末。2009.01.21《http://www.infzm.com/content/23046?page=16》

“白宫主人不再’白’”. 南方周末. 2009.01.20《http://www.infzm.com/content/22925》

黑人掌控美国？南方周末. 2009.01.22《http://www.infzm.com/content/23032》

“Highlights of U.S. President Barack Obama’s inaugural address.” People’s Daily Online. 2009.01.21 <English.peoplesdaily.com.cn>

“Transcript: Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address.” New York Times. 2009/01/20. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/20/us/politics/20text-obama.html>

“African Merchants Set up Shot in Guangzhou.” New Yorker.

< http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/02/09/090209fa_fact_osnos>

“Obama Speech Censored in China.” BBC. 2009. 01.21

< http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7841580.stm>

Christensen, T. (2009). “Shaping the choices of a rising China: recent lessons for the Obama administration.” The Washington Quarterly 32(3): 89-104.

Morrison, Wayne, 2009, “China and the global financial crisis: Implications for the United States,” Report to the Congress, RS 22984. Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC

Scharping, T. (2007). “Administration, Censorship and Control in the Chinese Media: The State of the Art.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs-China aktuell 36(4): 96-118.

“War in Iraq.” Organizing for America. <http://www.barackobama.com/issues/iraq/index_campaign.php>

“Barak Obama” Council on Foreign Relations.

< http://www.cfr.org/bios/11603/barack_obama.html>

Appendix A

Transcript

Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address

Following is the transcript of President Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, as transcribed by CQ Transcriptions:

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: Thank you. Thank you.

CROWD: Obama! Obama! Obama! Obama!

My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.

I thank President Bush for his service to our nation…

(APPLAUSE)

… as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.

Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath.

The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears, and true to our founding documents.

So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.

That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.

Homes have been lost, jobs shed, businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly, our schools fail too many, and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.

These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable, but no less profound, is a sapping of confidence across our land; a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, that the next generation must lower its sights.

Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real, they are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this America: They will be met.

(APPLAUSE)

On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.

On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas that for far too long have strangled our politics.

We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.

(APPLAUSE)

In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less.

It has not been the path for the faint-hearted, for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.

Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things — some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor — who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West, endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.

For us, they fought and died in places Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sanh.

Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.

This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions — that time has surely passed.

Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.

(APPLAUSE)

For everywhere we look, there is work to be done.

The state of our economy calls for action: bold and swift. And we will act not only to create new jobs but to lay a new foundation for growth.

We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together.

We will restore science to its rightful place and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality…

(APPLAUSE)

… and lower its costs.

We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age.

All this we can do. All this we will do.

Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions, who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short, for they have forgotten what this country has already done, what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose and necessity to courage.

What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them, that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long, no longer apply.

MR. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works, whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified.

Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end.

And those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be held to account, to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day, because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.

Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched.

But this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control. The nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous.

The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on the ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart — not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.

(APPLAUSE)

As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals.

Our founding fathers faced with perils that we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations.

Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience’s sake.

And so, to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and we are ready to lead once more.

(APPLAUSE)

Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with the sturdy alliances and enduring convictions.

They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use. Our security emanates from the justness of our cause; the force of our example; the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.

We are the keepers of this legacy, guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort, even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We’ll begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people and forge a hard- earned peace in Afghanistan.

With old friends and former foes, we’ll work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat and roll back the specter of a warming planet.

We will not apologize for our way of life nor will we waver in its defense.

And for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that, “Our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken. You cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.”

(APPLAUSE)

For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness.

We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus, and nonbelievers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth.

And because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.

To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.

To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict or blame their society’s ills on the West, know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy.

To those…

(APPLAUSE)

To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history, but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.

(APPLAUSE)

To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.

And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to the suffering outside our borders, nor can we consume the world’s resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.

As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages.

We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service: a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves.

And yet, at this moment, a moment that will define a generation, it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.

For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies.

It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break; the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours.

It is the firefighter’s courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent’s willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.

Our challenges may be new, the instruments with which we meet them may be new, but those values upon which our success depends, honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism — these things are old.

These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history.

What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility — a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character than giving our all to a difficult task.

This is the price and the promise of citizenship.

This is the source of our confidence: the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.

This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed, why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall. And why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.

(APPLAUSE)

So let us mark this day in remembrance of who we are and how far we have traveled.

In the year of America’s birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river.

The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood.

At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:

“Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive, that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet it.”

America, in the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words; with hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come; let it be said by our children’s children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God’s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.

Thank you. God bless you.

(APPLAUSE)

And God bless the United States of America.

(APPLAUSE)

Appendix B

WASHINGTON, Jan. 20 (Xinhua) — Hope is one thing, the reality is another. On Tuesday, about 2 million people gathered in Washington D.C. to celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama as new U.S, president, hoping he will save the economy, but the Wall Street plunged more than 4 percent in New York.

In his address just after taking the swearing-in oath, Obama admitted that the U.S. was “in the midst of crisis is now well understood,” listing war, economy, healthcare, home foreclosures, jobs, energy and other challenges.

“Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age,” said the new president.

But Obama assured Americans that although “the challenges we face are real, serious many,” and “will not be met easily or in a short span of time,” America’s goals “will be met.”

The new president’s words were echoed by Dean Glenn, an entrepreneur from Virginia, who told Xinhua that he is optimistic and believes Obama will save the economy and be great leader.

He said: “The economic crisis is a tough problem, it require some smart person to figure it out, I think he is surrounded himself with some very smart persons.”

Glenn, who had never been to inauguration before, said: “Today is a day we look forward to for long time,” adding that he believes Obama will bring changes to the U.S.. “We will have a new spirit of cooperation, hopefully a respect of the world.”

Witnessing Obama was sworn in as the 44th U.S. president, the first black president in America’s history, hundreds of thousands of people, like Glenn, erupted in roars of approval, and cheered in the same tone: “Obama, Obama!”

A recent national poll also showed that Obama’s approval rating had risen to nearly 80 percent, revealing people’s satisfaction with his work in the transition of power, establishment of his cabinet, as well as high expectations of his administration after Jan. 20.

“I think he (Obama) is going to do a magnificent job, he has several teams that would change the nation,” said David S. TorainII, head of Mathematics department of Hampton University, who joined the jubilation near the Washington Monument, which stands at the central of the National Mall.

As for the economy, however, he seemed to be not so optimistic. Inheriting a series of economic problems on a scale not seen since the Great Depression, Obama will have a hard time reviving the nation’s sagging economy, he noted.

“It might took long time to get out of the meltdown. I don’t think anybody can turn around in next 6 months,” he told Xinhua.

But he believed that Obama would help improve the situation. “I think he will be the greatest president since John F. Kennedy, he has great ideas, let’s wait and see what happens,” he said.

But the Wall Street cannot wait. The U.S. stock market plunged more than 4 percent on Inauguration Day Tuesday as bank woes spread while investors failed to find confidence from President Barack Obama’s inauguration speech.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average was down more than 330 points, or 4 percent, falling below 8,000 for the first time in 2009, while the Standard & Poor’s 500 and the Nasdaq indexes dropped more than 5 percent.

Appendix C

奥巴马宣誓就任美国总统 (人民日报2009.01.21第3版)

中方愿与美方一道推动中美建设性合作关系在新的时期长期健康稳定向前发展

本报华盛顿1月20日电  （记者李学江、马小宁）美国当选总统、民主党人奥巴马20日在华盛顿国会山宣誓就任美国第44任总统（见上图，新华社记者  张  岩摄）。来自全美及世界各地的200万人，共同见证了美国历史上第一位非洲裔总统宣誓就职这一历史性时刻。当选副总统拜登同日宣誓就职。

美国东部时间11时30分（北京时间21日零时30分）许，美国总统就职典礼在国会大厦西侧的露天平台上举行。除当天卸任的布什总统之外，美国前总统卡特、老布什和克林顿等前政要和社会名流也应邀出席奥巴马的就职典礼。

奥巴马在就职演说中呼吁美国民众树立坚强的信心、团结一致面对各种挑战和困难。他说，美国正面临战争和金融危机所引发的各种困难。“我们今天聚在这里正是因为我们选择了战胜恐惧的希望，选择了团结。”他呼吁全体美国民众端正心态，努力提高公民责任感，为克服危机、振兴国家经济贡献自己的力量。

奥巴马表示，美国将以“负责任的”方式撤离伊拉克，同时巩固在阿富汗得来不易的和平。他说，美国将为消除核威胁作出不懈努力。他还强调，美国将继续打击恐怖主义活动，并郑重宣布美国能战胜恐怖分子。美国政府将在相互尊重和互利的基础上，寻求与伊斯兰国家发展关系的新方式。

“责任”和“团结”是奥巴马就职演说的主题词。长期研究美国政治史的美国国会历史协会的柯农博士说，阐述具体内外政策是未来国情咨文的任务，就职演说的要义在于重温美国的政治理念，并将其应用于当今时代所面临的特殊问题。

奥巴马可谓“临危受命”。今天的美国正处于上世纪二三十年代大萧条以来最严重的经济衰退中。信贷停滞、消费冷清、房市下滑、股市动荡、失业率攀升，美国经济面临严重挑战。而导致这场危机的主要根源之一就是从华尔街到华盛顿的责任缺失。

现代经济本质是信用经济，而责任则是构成信用的基石。美国政府迄今所采取的一系列救市措施的实际效果表明，一旦责任缺失导致信用不再，要想恢复格外艰难。美国舆论认为，对奥巴马而言，赢得国会通过巨额经济复苏法案、短期内为经济注入强心针并非难事。真正的挑战是重建责任意识，恢复市场信心，这不仅是将美国经济推上复苏轨道的当务之急，也是保证美国经济健康运行的长远之计。

奥巴马就职适值美国前总统林肯诞辰200周年。其典礼主题“自由的新生”，取自林肯总统1863年发表的葛底斯堡演讲，就职宣誓时使用的《圣经》也是1861年林肯就职时使用的原件，此前，奥巴马乘火车从费城经巴尔的摩抵达华盛顿特区也是重温了当年的林肯“路线”。同奥巴马一样，林肯也来自伊利诺伊州，他一直是奥巴马心目中的英雄。1865年，林肯举行第二任期总统就职典礼时，非洲裔美国人首次参加了就职典礼游行。此间舆论认为，奥巴马希望借助林肯“元素”传达责任意识和加强团结共克时艰的信息。

本报洛杉矶1月20日电  （记者管克江）对于奥巴马宣誓就任美国总统将给美国社会带来何种变化，美国《华盛顿邮报》专栏作家尤金·罗宾逊20日撰文说，一名黑人当总统并不能魔法般地消除在收入上的种族不平等，无法改善内陆城市的学校、重建破落的社区或弥合不健全的家庭。但从心理上，“它改变了一切，整个国家满怀希望地等待他成功”。

一些媒体在评论时，再次强调了奥巴马提出的“变革”口号。《国家》杂志20日发表题为《历史性的转折点》的文章。美联社的文章说，奥巴马就职正值美国人民充满焦虑、期待，而又重新燃起希望的时刻。美国有线电视新闻网的网站则发表了题为《变革到了华盛顿》的文章。

《纽约时报》20日的报道强调说，奥巴马的就职演说显示，他的政府在国家安全上的某些政策与布什政府有明显的区别。

中国外交部发言人姜瑜２０日表示，中美关系处在承前启后的重要时期，中方愿与美方一道，坚持从战略高度和长远角度来审视和把握两国关系，不断加强对话、交流与合作，尊重和照顾彼此核心利益，推动中美建设性合作关系在新的时期长期、健康、稳定向前发展。一个良好、不断发展的中美关系不仅符合中美两国和两国人民的根本利益，也有利于世界的和平、稳定与发展。

俄罗斯媒体认为，俄美关系不仅是世界稳定的重要因素，而且对解决许多国际问题具有重要意义。俄罗斯期望奥巴马就职后俄美关系得到改善，双方在对等和坦诚的基础上发展建设性合作关系。但从目前形势来看，持续不断的北约东扩和美国在东欧部署导弹防御系统仍将成为影响俄美关系发展的关键障碍。国际文传电讯社评论说，奥巴马入主白宫后，俄美两国总统应在近期加强电话交流。

欧洲舆论认为，欧美能否抓住契机改善关系取决于两个因素：奥巴马必须改善美国在欧洲的形象、欧洲必须向奥巴马表明它是一个有效的盟友。如果美欧合作，从气候变化到伊朗核问题都可能处理得好些。问题是欧洲能否扮演有效的盟友角色，并动员其资源以应对重大国际问题。分析人士认为，跨大西洋关系的三个当务之急是：阿富汗问题、气候变化与能源问题、国际金融危机。

拉美媒体认为，奥巴马就职对拉美具有重要意义。阿根廷《纪事报》表示，奥巴马变革的成败不仅是美国的事情，且具有全球意义。奥巴马握有让阿根廷成功度过当前金融危机的金钥匙。墨西哥《宇宙报》发表社论，将奥巴马的就职称为一个新时代的象征，并将奥巴马称为“重生的希望”。委内瑞拉舆论认为，因为众所周知的原因，查韦斯与奥巴马的关系可能会面临一个较为缓慢的调整期。

美国卡特中心中国项目中心主任刘亚伟认为，美国民众希望奥巴马带领国家战胜当前面临的严重危机。奥巴马的就职演讲仍维持了其一贯激动人心的风格。美国人关注奥巴马强调的希望和梦想，更关注他就任总统后的政策实施。目前奥巴马的支持率达到了80%，但从明天起，奥巴马的“政治蜜月”可能将宣告结束，他要面对的是来自内政和外交方面的一系列严峻的挑战。

本报记者  丁大伟  于宏建  李永群  陈晓航  王新萍  张卫中  张慧中

 

【本文来源于人民数据库, 网址：http://data.people.com.cn】

 

 

Appendix D

1月20日：白宫主人不再“白”

“我谨庄严宣誓，我一定忠实执行合众国总统职务，竭尽全力，恪守、维护和捍卫合众国宪法。”

美国当地时间1月20日12时（北京时间21日凌晨1时），在美国最高法院首席法官约翰·罗伯茨主持下，贝拉克·奥巴马（Barack Hussein Obama）宣誓成为第44任美国总统，成为美国第一个非洲裔总统。

宣誓就职以后，在国会大厦西面一个半圆形木质讲台前，奥巴马发表了他历史性的就职演说。他以一段接近十九分钟的演讲，激励美国人民“必须凝聚力量，重新塑造美国”。

他首先谈及经济。奥巴马说，我们都知道，我们现在正处于危机中。人们失去家园，失去工作，企业关门；我们的卫生保健费用太高，我们的学校有太多不足；每天，都有更多的证据证明，我们使用能源的方式威胁到了我们的星球。

他说，数据和统计证明，我们正面临危机。我们的信心受到侵蚀，美国的衰退是不可避免的。挑战是真实存在的，情况严重，数量众多，不能轻易、在短 时间内解决。但奥巴马强调，美国必须面对这些挑战，并最终解决这些挑战，“选择希望而不是担心，团结而不是意见，克服抱怨和不切实际的承诺。”

奥巴马谈及责任感：我们需要一个有责任感的新时代。每个美国人都应认识到对国家、世界的责任。要推动这一责任感，塑造我们的个性。这是每个国民的承诺，是信心来源。

最后，奥巴马说：让我们告诉未来的世界，在隆冬时，只有希望和美德可以生存下去。美国正在面临我们共同的困难，在困境的严冬中，让我们铭记这些永 恒的话语。让我们勇敢的面对可能到来的冰流和风暴，我们不会回头，也不会动摇。我们将把自由这个伟大的礼物，安全的传给我们的后代。

就职午宴过后，首个“黑人第一家庭”将穿过白宫北门廊正式入住白宫，打破白宫主人一直“白”的历史，一个新的时代开始了。

【南方周末】本文网址：http://www.infzm.com/content/22925

估计有200万至400万人涌入华盛顿特区参加奥巴马就职典礼，打破1965年约翰逊总统就职典礼120万名参加者的最高纪录。估计全球有15亿人通过电视观看就职典礼。

当局调派7500名现役军人、1万名国民警衞队成员、2.5万名特工和警员，并有2.5万名现役军人做后备，规模比美国在阿富汗的驻军还要大。联邦政府首次宣布首都特区进入紧急状态，以便调配人力物力，这是美国历次总统就职典礼最大规模的保安。

值得注意的是，国防部长罗伯特·盖茨没有参加奥巴马的就职典礼。

美国白宫发言人佩里诺19日曾表示，如果第44任总统奥巴马在就职典礼当天因恐怖袭击或自然灾害而意外身故，将由国防部长罗伯特·盖茨担当领导国家的重任。

就职典礼强刮“林肯风”

此次奥巴马正式就职的主题是“自由的新生”，该表述来自林肯1863年在美国内战期间的盖茨堡演讲辞。而他宣誓就职使用的圣经就是林肯当年用过的那本。林肯圣经属于国会图书馆的收藏。总统就职典礼委员会表示，奥巴马将是头一位使用林肯圣经宣誓就职的总统。

奥巴马在宣誓就职后吃的午餐也与林肯总统当年享用的饭菜类似，就连就餐用具也力求还原当时情形。

1861年，林肯首度入主白宫，他就餐用的瓷器是时任第一夫人的玛丽·托德·林肯 挑选的。这些瓷器的复制品在时隔近150年后将出现在奥巴马就职午餐的饭桌上。

就职宣誓之后，奥巴马与200名宾客一切共享了就职餐，这顿就职餐由三道菜组成，同样基于林肯口味。正餐前的开胃菜是以扇贝和虾为原料做成的糕点——林肯当年酷爱海鲜；主菜是 酸辣酱野鸡配马铃薯——幼年林肯在印第安那州爱吃的东西；甜点是苹果桂皮软糕——林肯爱吃苹果。

餐厅的布置也是林肯式的。据报道，奥巴马餐桌的背后将悬挂“约塞米蒂峡谷风光”油画。该油画展示的是约塞米蒂峡谷黎明时的景象。此画也是为了纪念林肯在1864年宣布约塞米蒂峡谷作为国家公园供民众休闲观光。

“林肯午宴”在国会山“雕像厅”举行，与奥巴马共进午宴的大约200名宾客包括最高法院成员、奥巴马内阁成员以及国会领导人

 

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